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Copthorne Macdonald is the inventor of slow-scan television . . . a mode of amateur radio communication which he will discuss in this and the next issue of MOTHER.

ALTERNATIVE TELEVISION

As Ivan Illich points out in his book Tools for Conviviality, technological developments can be used in either of two ways: [1] by individuals to enlarge "the range of each person's competence, control, and initiative" . . . or [2] by bureaucracies and power groups to manipulate and control people.

Television as mass media tends—unfortunately?to fall into the second category. The "powers that be" can and do use TV to pipe their message into tens of millions of living rooms every day . . . and?between brief, entertaining interludes—that message, continuously, is consume! consume! consume!

Is there not another, saner side to television? One that respects the rights and prerogatives of individuals? Indeed there is! Many of us are familiar with the good things being done by public broadcasting systems and "alternative" videotape groups?But what most folks don't realize is that there are now more than 3,000 individuals in over 100 countries who have the capability to send and receive their own video pictures over long distances via amateur radio. The technique these people use is known as slow—scan TV (SSTV for short).

Even with super-high-power transmitters, conventional TV stations can't transmit pictures over distances of more than 100 miles or so. How is it, then, that hams can?using a tiny fraction of the power—transmit video images thou sands > of miles? The answer lies in their decision not to send "moving" pictures.

To preserve the illusion of motion on a screen, conventional TV stations transmit 30 complete, highly detailed pictures per second. This amounts to the transmission of many millions of bits of information every second . . . enough information, in fact, to fill 1,000 voice channels! And the only portion of the radio spectrum with enough "room" for these wideband width TV signals is the very high and ultra-high frequencies (VHF and UHF), where radio waves have only line-of-sight transmission properties. (That is, the signals can't follow the curvature of the earth and aren't reflected back to the ground by the ionosphere, but can only travel in straight lines.)

Slow-scan TV pictures?on the other hand?are sent over a period of eight seconds (rather than 1130 of a second), and the pictures aren't as detailed as those of a regular TV. Thus, the SSTV signal need occupy a bandwidth of only one voice channel, rather than 1,000. You could say that SSTV is a means of [1] converting a picture into sound frequencies, [2] transmitting that "sound" by any convenient means (such as telephone, audio tape, or ham radio), and then [3] converting the received "sound" back into a picture.